Ett förslag på essäuppgifter till kursen Etnoastronomi.                                                                                VT 2008

    O'Kelly, C.: Concise guide to Newgrange. Cork, 1984.
    Ray, T.P.: "The winter solstice phenomenon at Newgrange, Irland: accident or design?"
                      Nature, Vol.337 ( 26 January 1989), 343-5.
    Ruggles, C.: "Newgrange : Symbolic orientation on the Sun?" I: Astronomy in Prehistoric
                         Britain and Ireland, Yale UP (1999), 12-19.
    http://www.mythicalireland.com/ancientsites/newgrange/ 

 4.  Den egyptiska kalenderns ursprung.

     Gillings, R.J.: "The Egytian Calendar." I: Mathematics in the Time of Pharaohs.
                            Cambridge & London (1972), Appendix 2.
     Parker, R.A.: "The Calendars and Chronology." I: The Legacy of Egypt. 2nd ed. Ed. J.R. Harris.
                            Oxford (1971), 13- 26.
     Neugebauer, O.: "The Origin of the Egyptian Calendar." Journal of Near Eastern Studies, 1 (1942), 397-403.
     http://www.astro.uni-bonn.de/~pbrosche/hist_astr/ha_items_calendar.html  

 5. Ett astrolabium och dess användning.

     North, J.D.: "The Astrolabe." Scientific American, Vol. 230 (January 1974), 96-106.
     Webster, R.S.: The Astrolabes. Some notes on its history, construction and use. Lake Bluff (1974), 18 s.
     Hoskin, M.: "The Astrolabe." I: The Cambridge Concise History of Astronomy. CUP (1999), 63-7 eller
     Hoskin, M.: "The Astrolabe." I: Cambridge Illustrated History of Astronomy. CUP (1997), 64-7.
     http://astrolabes.org/  

 6. Solurets historia och konstruktion.

      Daniel, Ch. St J.H.: Sundials. Shire Publications Ltd. Aylesbury (1986), 31 s.
      Gouk, P.: "What are they and how do they work? " I: The Ivory Sundials of Nuremberg 1500-1700.
                        Cambridge (1988), 9-24.
      http://www.infraroth.de/index.html?nav_d.html,slinks.html  

 7. Tidig grekisk kosmologi: Från Thales till Demokritos.

      Hetherington, N.S.: "The Presocratics." I: Cosmology. Ed. N.S. Hetherington. New York (1993), 53-66.
      Jacobsen, T.S.: Planetary Systems from the Ancient Greeks to Kepler. University of Washington (1999), 23-29.
      Sinnerstad, U.: Från stjärnskådning till rymdforskning. Lund (1985), 46-58.
      http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/GreekScience/Students/Ellen/EarlyGkAstronomy.html  

 8. Runstaven - en almanacka åt svenska präster eller bönder?

     Lithberg, N.: "Runstaven, en ursvensk rådgivare åt Sveriges bönder." Fataburen 1932, s. 117-38.
     Danver, K.: "Runstaven, vår äldsta kalender, dess uppkomst och utformning." Cassiopeia,
                         Årsbok 1942, Lund, s. 92-104.
      http://www.berget.se/runstaven/kalender.html

9. En babylonisk världskarta,  den sk "Mappa Mundi".

     Oppenheim, A.: "Man and Nature in Mesopotamian Civilization."
                                 I: DSB, vol. 15 (1981), 637-8.
     Horowitz, W.: "The Babylonian Map of the World." Iraq, Vol. 50 (1988), 147-65.  

10. Något om aritmetiska metoder i babylonisk astronomi.

     Thurston, H.: Early Astronomy. New York (1994), 69-71.
     Britton, J., Walker, Ch.: "Astronomy and Astrology in Mesopotamia."
                       I: Astronomy before the telescope. Ed. Ch. Walker. London (1996), 52-67.

11. Astronomisk världsbild hos Homeros och Hesiodos.

      Dicks, D.R. : Early Greek Astronomy to Aristotle. London (1970), 27-38.
      Evans, J.: The History & Practise of Ancient Astronomy. New York (1998), 3-5.
      http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/GreekScience/Students/Ellen/EarlyGkAstronomy.html#RTFToC3

12. Det var Eratosthenes av Cyrene (ca 276 - ca 195 f.Kr.),  som med sin  mycket god
      bestämning av jordens omkrets visade att jorden var rund.

     Dicks, D.R.: "Eratosthenes." I: DSB, Vol. 3 (1981), 388-393.
     Dutka, J.: "Eratosthenes' Measurement of the Earth Reconsidered."
                  Arch.Hist. Exact Sci., 46 (1993), 55-66.
     http://www-history.mcs.st-andrews.ac.uk/history/Mathematicians/Eratosthenes.html  

13. Vem var egentligen Hypatia av Alexandria (ca. 370 - 415)?

      Kramer, E.E.: "Hypatia." I DSB, Vol. 5 (1981), 615-16.
      Richeson, A.W.: "Hypatia of Alexandria." National Mathematics Magazine, 15 (1940), 74-82.
      Deakin, M.: "Hypatia and Her Mathematics." The American Mathematical Monthly, 101 (1994), 234-43.
      The Primary Sources for the Life and Work of Hypatia of Alexandria by M. Deakin.
      http://poly.polyamory.org/~howard/Hypatia/primary-sources.html
      http://www.cosmopolis.com/alexandria/hypatia-bio-suda.html
      http://www.utm.edu/research/iep/n/neoplato.htm

14. Tideräkning och tidemätning i de tidiga kristna klostren.

      McCluskey, S.C.: "Gregory of Tours, Monastic Timekeeping, and Early Christian Attitudes
                                   to Astronomy."  ISIS, Vol. 81 (1990), 9-22.
      Mc Cluskey, S.C.: "Monastic Timekeeping." I: Science in Western and Eastern Civilization in
                                    Carolingian Times. Eds. P.L. Butzer et al. Basel (1993), 148-50.
      http://www.lysator.liu.se/runeberg/nfaf/0751.html

15. Något om längden av en synodisk månad.

      Ashbrook, J.: "Some Very Thin Lunar Crescents." Sky and Telescope, Vol. 42 (1971), 78-9.
      Fotheringham, J.K.: "On the smallest visible phase of the moon." MNRAS, Vol. LXX (1910), 527-31.
      Schaefer, B.E.: "The Length of the Lunar Month." Archaeoastronomy, no. 17 (1992), S32-S42.
      http://aa.usno.navy.mil/faq/docs/islamic.html

16. Astronomi i 900-talets Bagdad.

      King, D.A.: "Astronomy." I: Religion, Learning and Science in the 'Abbasid Period.
                         Eds. Young, M.J.L. et al. Cambridge (1990), 274-289.
      Hill, D.R.: "Astronomy." I: Science in Western and Eastern Civilization in Carolingian Times.
                       Eds. P.L. Butzer et al. Basel (1993), 491-3.
      http://web.uni-frankfurt.de/fb13/ign/astronomy_in_baghdad/bibliography.html

17. Gammal persisk tideräkning och kalendrar.

      Bickerman, E.: "Time-reckoning." I: The Cambridge History of Iran, Vol. 3(2), Cambridge (1983), 778-91.
      Lodén, L.O.: Tid. Stockholm (1968),  120-1.
      http://www.avesta.org/taqizad.htm

18. Astronomin vid hovet hos Maharaja Jai Singh II (1686-1743).

      Sharma, V.N.: "Astronomical Efforts of Sawai Jai Singh - A Review."
                              I: History of Oriental Astronomy. Eds. G Swarup et al. Cambridge (1987), 233-40.
      Bholanath, L.: A Handbook of Maharajah Jaisingh's Astronomical Observatory, Delhi.
                             Delhi, n.d.
     http://www.bomhard.de/_englisch/jaipur/00.html
     http://www.disorg.org/bobculley/Indiad/DelhiJM.html
     http://www.jantarmantar.org

19. Astronomiska föreställningar på Gilbertöarna.

      Grimble, A.: "Gilbertese astronomy and astronomical observances."
                        Journal of the Polynesian Society, 40 (1931), 197-224.
      http://www.ruf.rice.edu/~feegi/astro.html#micronesia
      http://www.ethnomath.org/resources/akerblom1968.pdf
      http://www.lexiline.com/lexiline/lexi72.htm

20. Vilken roll spelade Venus i Maya-astronomi?

      Aveni, A.F.: "Venus and the Maya." American Scientist, 67 (1979), 274-85.
      Krupp, E.C.: Beyond the Blue Horizon. New York (1991), 201-4.
      http://www.astronomy.pomona.edu/archeo/dresden/dresden-tour.html
      http://jqjacobs.net/mesoamerica/meso_astro.html

21. Astronomiska fenomen på orakelben.

      Xu, Z. et al.: "Astronomical records on the Shang Dynasty oracle bones."
                        Archaeoastronomy, 14 (1989), S61-S72.
      Xu, Z. et al.: "Astronomy on Oracle Bone Inscriptions." Q.J.R.astr.Soc., 36 (1995), 397-406.

22. En tideräkning utan kalendrar och klockor hos nuerna i södra Sudan och Etiopien.

      Evans-Pritchard, E.E.: "Nuer-Time Reckoning." Africa, 12 (1939), 189-216.
      Rutz, H.J.:"Primitive-Time Reckoning." I: Encyclopedia of Time. Ed.S.L. Macey.
                        New York (1994), 496-7.

23. Siriusgåtor med speciell hänvisning till stamfolket dogons astronomiska myter.

      Brecher, K.: "Sirius enigmas." I: Astronomy of the Ancients. Ed.K. Brecher et al.
                          Cambridge, Mass. (1979), 91-115.
      McCrea, W.H.: "Astronomer´s Luck." Q.Jl R.astr.Soc., 13 (1972), 517.
      Diverse brevväxling publicerad i J.Brit.astr.Ass., 84 (1973), 63-4; The Observatory,
      95 (1975), 52-4, 215; 97 (1977), 26-8.
      Ortiz de Montellano, B.: "The Dogon People Revisited." Skeptical Inquirer, Nov/Dec. 1996, 39-42.
      http://www.crystalinks.com/dogon.html

24. Östasiatiska redogörelser för forntida novor och supernovor.

      Xi Z. et al.: "Ancient Oriental Records on Novae and Supernovae." Science, 154 (1966), 597-603.
      Velusamy, T.: "Guest stars: historical supernovae and remnants." I: History of Oriental
                              Astronomy. Ed. Swarup, G. et al. Cambridge (1987), 265-270.
      Stephenson, F.R.: "East Asian Astronomical Records." I: Highlights of Astronomy, Vol. 12.
                                   Ed. H. Rickman. San Francisco (2002), 317-21.

25. Pyramidernas orientering.

      Deaton, J.Ch.: "The Old Kingdom Evidence for the Function of Pyramids."
                              Varia Aegyptica, 4(1988), 193-200.
      Edwards, I.E.S.: "The Pyramids of Egypt." Rev.ed. London (1993), 245-51, 278-87.
      Krupp, E.C.: "Great Pyramid." I: History of Astronomy - An Encyclopedia. Ed. J. Lankford.
                            New York & London (1997), 245-7.
      Neugebauer, O.: "On the Orientation of Pyramids." Centaurus, 24(1980), 1-3.
      Trimble, V.: "Astronomical Investigation Concerning the So-Called Air-Shafts of Cheops' Pyramid."
                           Mitteilungen des Instituts fuer Orientforschung, Band X (1964), 183-7.

26. Något om äldre lappsk tideräkning.

      Wiklund, K.B.: "Om lapparnes tideräkning." Samfundet för Nordiska museets främjande.
                                Meddelanden. 1885 och 1896. Stockholm (1897), 3-27.
       Grundström, H.: "Folklig tideräkning i Lule lappmark. I: Dialektstudier tillägnade Gunnar Hedström.
                                  Uppsala (1950), 47-62.
       Jansson, S.O.: "Lapska kalendrar." Rig, 57(1974), 122-33.
                               (Granskning av I. och J. Granlund: Lapska ben- ocht träkalendrar. Stockholm, 1973.)

27. Pyramiderna vid Gizeh och det så kallade Orionmysteriet.

      Chadwick, R.: "The so-called 'Orion Mystery'." KMT: a modern journal of ancient Egypt,Vol.6 (1996), 74-83.
      Malek, J.: "Orion and the Giza pyramids." Discussions in Egyptology, 30(1994), 101-14.
      Cottrell, L.: "The Great Pyramidiot." I: The Mountains of Pharaoh. London (1963), 173-83.
      Gillings, R.J.: "Great Pyramid Mysticism." I: Mathematics in the Time of Pharaohs.
                             Cambridge & London (1972), 237-9.
      http://dspace.dial.pipex.com/ritson/quest/orion/orion.htm

28. Mörka moln: djuriska stjärnbilder hos de sydamerikanska indianerna.

      Urton, G.: "Yana Phuyu: The Dark Cloud Animal Constellations." I: At the Crossroads of the Earth
                        and the Sky. Austin (1981), 169-91.
      Bauer, B.S., Dearborn, D.: "Stellar Observations." I: Astronomy and Empire in the Ancient Andes.
                          Austin (1995), spec.s. 114-18.
      Sullivan, W.: "The Secret of the Incas." New York (1996), utvalda sidor.
      http://www.mc.maricopa.edu/dept/d10/asb/anthro2003/archy/aymara/inca.html

29. Den aztekiska "kalenderstenen".

      Krupp, E.C.: "An Aztec 'Calendar' Stone - and Its Celestial Seal of Approval." Griffith Observer, July 1981, 2-8.
      Klein, C.F.: "The Identity of the Central Deity on the Aztec Calender." Art Bulletin, no.58 (1976), 1-12.
      Milbrath, S.: "The Mexican Calendar Stone and Solar Eclipses."Vistas in Astronomy, 39(1995), 496-99.
      Aveni, A.: "The Creation Story." I: Empires of Time. London (1990), 268-71.
      Broda, J.: "Aztec Calendar." I: Encyclopedia of Time. Ed.S.L. Macey. New York & London (1994), 49-51.
      http://www2.truman.edu/~marc/webpages/nativesp99/aztecs/aztec_template.html
     
30. Astronomiska och kalendariska traditioner hos Hopiindianerna.

      McCluskey, S.C.: "The Astronomy of the Hopi Indians." Journal for the History of Astronomy, Vol.8 (1977), 174-95.
      McCluskey, S.C.: "Calendars and Symbolism: Functions of Observation in Hopi Astronomy."
                                   Archaeoastronomy,  no.15 (1990), S1-S16.
      http://www.crystalinks.com/hopi.html

31. Betydelsen av Porhalaan för Toba-Bataks astronomiska världsbild. En studie av en traditionell kalender
      från Sumatra.

     Kimbell, L.A.: "The Batak Porhallan Traditional Calendar of Sumatra."
                              Archaeoastronomy (U.S.A.), Vol. XI (1989-1993), 28-56.
     Winkler, Johs.: "Der Kalender der Toba-Bataks auf Sumatra." Zeitschrift f. Ethnologie, Bd. 45 (1913), 436-47.
                             Översatt i: Archaeoastronomy (U.S.A.), Vol. XI  (1989-1993), 20-7 av L.A. Kimball.
     Warneck, Lic.Joh.: "Kalender". I: Die Religion der Batak. Göttingen (1909), 120.

32. Vikingarnas tideräkning och navigationsmetoder.

      Marcus, G.J.: "Seamanship and navigation." I: The Conquest of the North Atlantic. Woodbridge (1980), 100-18.
      Hadenius, P.: "Skeppen. Vikigatidens hightech". Forskning & Framsteg, Nr. 5 (1999), 20-7.
      Vilhjalmsson, T.: "Time and Travel in Old Norse Society." Disputatio, II (1997), 89-114.
             Eller:             http://www.raunvis.hi.is/~thv/t_t.html    
      http://www.bbc.co.uk/cgi-bin/history/renderplain.pl?file=/history/lj/conquestlj/loot_01.shtml

33. Sju systrar eller sju bröder eller ... . Något om Plejadernas namn och roll i astronomins historia.

     Andrews, T.: "Pleiades." I: Legends of the Earth, Sea, and Sky - An Encyclopedia of Nature Myths.
                           Santa Barbara (1998), 179-80.
     Krupp, E.C.: "Seven Sisters." Griffith Observer, 55:1 (1991), 2-16.
     Krupp, E.C.: "Beside the Seven Sisters." I: Beyond the Blue Horizon - Myths and Legends of the Sun,
                           Moon, Stars and Planets. New York (1991), 241- 55.
     http://www.ras.ucalgary.ca/~gibson/pleiades/

34. Astronomiska observationer och kalendariska system hos folk söder om Sahara.

      Ruggles, C.: "Four approaches to the Borana calender." I: Archaeoastronomy in the 1990s. Ed. C. Ruggles.
                           Loughborough (1993), 117-22.
      Bassi, M.: "On the Borana Calendarical System - A Preliminary Field Report."
                        Current Antropology, 29 (1988), 619-24.
      Doyle, L.R.: "The Borana Calendar Reinterpreted." Current Antropology, 27 (1986), 286-7.
      Lynch, B.M., Robbins, L.H.: "Namoratunga - The First Archaeoastronomical Evidence in Sub-Saharan Africa."
                             Science, 200 (1978), 766-8.
      Ruggles, C.: "The Borana calendar - some observations." Archaeoastronomy (U.K.), 11 (1987), S35-S53.
      http://hej3.as.utexas.edu/~www/wheel/africa/kenya300bc.htm

35. Astronomi och kalendrar i Bysantiska riket. 

      Tihon, A.: "L'astronomie byzantine." Byzantion, 51 (1981), 603-24.
      Åkerström-Hougen, G., Nilsson, I.: "Då du betraktar dessa män är det hela året du ser."
                                             I: Inga helgon precis ... .  K. Hult (red.). Stockholm (1999), 35-57.
      http://wiki.kalender.se/wiki/index.php/Bysantinska_riket 

36. Angkor Wat och astronomin. 

      Ruggles, C.: "Angkor"." I: Ancient Astronomy. Santa Barbara (2005), 14-7.
      Coe, M.D.: "Suryavarman II, builder of Angkor Watt." I: Angkor and the Khmer Civilization.
                         London (2003), 116-21, 158, 190.
      Krupp. E.C.: "King of the Mountain." I: Skywatchers, Shamans & Kings. New York (1997), 303-10.
      Malville, J. McKim: "Angkor Wat: Time, Space, and Kinship." Archaeoastronomy  (U.S.A.), 17(2003), 108-10.
      Stencel, R, et al.: "Astronomy and Cosmology at Angkor Wat." Science, 193 (1976), 281-7.
      http://www.sacredsites.com/asia/cambodia/angkor_wat.html
      http://www.theangkorguide.com/                    

37. Astronomins och astrologins roll i det romerska livet.  

      Aveni, A.: Empires of Time - Calendars, Clocks, and Cultures. London (1990), 111-15.
      Krupp, E.C.:" Celestial Security Clearance in Rome." I: Skywatchers, Shamans & Kings.
                           New York (1997), 240-3.
      Magini, L.: "Astronomy and Astrology in Rome." I: Astronomy and Calendar in  Ancient Rome.
                         Rome (2001), 13-16.
      Potter, T.W.:"Astronomy in Etruria and Rome." I: Astronomy before the telescope.
                           Ed. Ch. Walker. London (1996), 92-7.
      Ruggles, C.: "Roman Astronomy and Astrology." I: Ancient Astronomy. Santa Barbara (2005), 365-6.
      http://collections.ic.gc.ca/universe/coins.html

38. Vad på Medusas huvud, gorgoneion, representerar förmörkelsevariabeln Algol (demonstjärna)?
      En astronomisk betraktelse över en populär saga sedan ca 600 f.Kr.

      Lettvin, J.Y.: " The Gorgon's Eye." I: Astronomy of the Ancients. Ed. K. Brecher et al. London (1979), 133-51.
      Wilk, S.R.: Medusa - Solving the Mystery of the Gorgon. Oxford (2000), 107-128.
      http://www.vroma.org/images/mcmanus_images/medusa1.jpg
      http://clevelandart.org/exhibcef/mg/html/6050340.html

39. Tibetansk astronomi.    

      Petri, W.: "Tibetan Astronomy." Vistas in Astronomy, Vol.9 (1967), 159-64.
      Okashi, Y.: "Remarks on the Origin of Indo-Tibetan Astronomy." I: Astronomy Across Cultures.
                         Ed. H. Selin. Dordrecht (2000), 341-69.
      Petri, W.: "Tibetan Calendars."  Journal for the History of Astronomy, 11 (1980), 69-72. (Rev. of
                        D. Schuh: Untersuchungen zur Geschichte der tibetischen Kalenderrechnung. Wiesbaden, 1973.)
     http://www.buddhapia.com/tibet/tibetcen/tmai/astro_history.html

40. Vilka himlakroppar användes till navigation i Stilla havet?

      Ruggles, C.: "Navigation in Ancient Oceania." I: Ancient Astronomy. Santa Barbara (2005), 300-4.
      Finney, B.: "Applied Ethnoastronomy -  Navigating by the Stars Across the Pacific."
                         I: Songs from the Sky. Ed. Von Del Chamberlain et al. Bognor Regis (2005), 336-47.
      http://www.ethnomath.org/resources/akerblom1968.pdf

      JS   (3/4/2006)